Real-world evidence of sorafenib for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A single-center study.

Context: Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third leading cause of cancer death. Currently, sorafenib is the treatment of choice in advanced hepatocarcinoma. Aims: Assessing the effectiveness and toxicity of sorafenib in real-word clinical practice in patients with hepatocarcinoma. Settings and Design: Single-centered observational retrospective study. Methods and Material: We included patients with hepatocarcinoma who began treatment with sorafenib between 2008 and 2018. We evaluated overall survival, time to progression, and response using RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) criteria. Toxicity was assessed according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5. 2020. Statistical Analysis Used: Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test were used to determine the survival time and estimate factors associated with these events. Data were analyzed with SPSS 19.0 software. Results: We included 36 patients (88.9% male) with an average age of 64 ± 3.4 years. The tumor stage was advanced (C) in 21 patients (61.8%). We obtained a median overall survival of 8.5 months (IQR 3.14-18.9) and a time to progression of 4.5 months (IQR 2.4-8.8). The main degree of response was progression in 19 patients (36.1%), followed by stable disease in 13 (52.8%). The most commonly reported adverse reactions were: constitutional (83.3%), gastrointestinal (55%) and dermatological symptoms (50.0%). The development of grades 3 or 4 toxicity was not associated with increased overall survival (P = 0.719). Conclusions: The findings of the survival analysis obtained in real practice are similar to those obtained in pivotal clinical trials. Adverse reactions were different from those expected.

Regorafenib and trifluridine/tipiracil in real clinical practice.

Background: Colorectal cancer is the ninth leading cause of death in Spain. The latest therapeutic developments in the advanced stages of this disease are the oral drugs trifluridine/tipiracil and regorafenib. Objective: Results of clinical trials (CTs) are not in real conditions and therefore, we want to study the effectiveness and the safety profile in the usual clinical practice and compare it with the bibliography. Materials and Methods: A retrospective and unicentric study was carried out in a health area of 500,000 inhabitants. Patients who started treatment with regorafenib and/or trifluridine/tipiracil were included from the date of marketing until June 2019. Patient-related variables, pathology, effectiveness, and treatment toxicity were collected. The statistical analysis was carried out with the PSPP program. Results: Fifty-four patients were analyzed. Men accounted for 59.3% of patients. Regorafenib was the treatment for 22.2% of patients and 77.8% received trifluridine/tipiracil. The reason for the drug's suspension was the disease progression in 85.2% of patients. No patient had a full response and 3.2% achieved partial response. The median progression-free survival time in treatments with regorafenib was 2.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0-5.4) and the overall survival time was 3.1 months (95% CI: 0.0-6.7), while in treatments with trifluridine/tipiracil, these data were, respectively, 2.8 (95% CI: 2.5-3.2) and 5.7 months (95% CI: 3.8-7.6). Side effects occurred in 91.7% of patients treated with regorafenib and in 100% of treated with trifluridine/tipiracil. Hematological adverse reactions were, on average, 0.4 ± 0.5/patient with regorafenib and 1.5 ± 0.9 with trifluridine/tipiracil. General (77.8%) and gastrointestinal disorders (50%) were common with both drugs. Conclusions: The effectiveness results of standard clinical practice are lower than those described in CTs and in the literature. The toxicity profile does reproduce what is described in the bibliography.

Stability of lipid emulsion in total parenteral nutrition: An overview of literature.

BACKGOUND AND AIMS: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is an extremely complex mixture. The multitude of chemical compounds involved can give rise to numerous reactions that condition its stability. We set out to review the existing literature on different issues related to stability, and which are still of concern in the hospital environment; such as the stability of the lipid emulsion. In addition, we analyse other related factors and parameters that allow us to predict the stability of TPN based on the composition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: we searched PubMed and Google Scholar, over the date range 1995-2019 for relevant studies about TPN stability. We included experimental studies where the physical stability of the lipid emulsion in TPN had been analysed. We applied specific exclusion criteria. RESULTS: we included 20 papers in this review of TPN stability. The studies combined different analytical techniques to assess the stability. In all the studies, the mean droplet diameter (MDD) is measured and the stability analysis is completed with other measurements. Temperature and components concentration are also considered. CONCLUSIONS: studies on the stability of TPN used differing components with different chemical characteristics and their results can be difficult to extrapolate. There is no clear consensus about the composition of the mixtures and there is also great variety in the analytical techniques that were used to analyse stability. It is necessary to conduct new studies to update information on TPN stability.

Effectiveness, Safety, and Adherence to Treatment of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors in Real Practice.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness, adverse reactions, and adherence to treatment of hypolipidemic inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9is) in a context of real clinical practice. METHODS: We present an observational, retrospective, descriptive, multicenter study of patients with hypercholesterolemia who began treatment with PCSK9is between January 2017 and December 2019, with a minimum treatment period of 3 months. The main variable we recorded was the frequency of cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, and hospitalization for unstable angina) in patients treated with PCSK9is. We recorded patient demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors at onset of treatment as well as LDL-C levels and their reductions at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. We calculated adherence to treatment and recorded the adverse reactions during treatment. FINDINGS: A total of 154 patients were studied, 64 (41.6%) of whom were treated with alirocumab and 90 (58.4%) with evolocumab. The initial dose of alirocumab was 75 mg every 14 days in 48 patients (75%) and 150 mg eery 14 days in 16 (25%). All patients who in the evolocumab group received a dose of 140 mg every 14 days. The mean (SD) basal LDL-C level was 159.6 (50.1) mg/dL, the level at 3 months was 87.9 (49.9) mg/dL (mean [SD] decrease, 44.5% [28.2%]), the level at 6 months was 86.7 (49.2) mg/dL (mean [SD] decrease, 46.3% [25.6%]), and the level at 12 months was 80.5 (41.4) (mean [SD] decrease, 48.9% [23.0%]). These values were maintained at 24 months (mean [SD], 80.3 [41.8] mg/dL; mean [SD] decrease, 47.9% [27.8%]). The percentage decrease of LDL-C for both drugs was approximately 50%, which was maintained until 24 months after treatment. Six patients (3.9%) presented with some cardiovascular event: acute myocardial infarction (2 [1.3%]), stroke (1 [0.65%]), coronary revascularization (1 [0.65%]), and hospitalization for unstable angina (2 [1.3%]). We did not see any adverse reactions related to PCSK9i treatment in 76.5% of patients. In the first 6 months, adherence to treatment with PCSK9is, measured as the possession ratio, was a mean (SD) of 99.4% (3.9%). In the rest of the study period (6-24 months), the mean (SD) adherence to treatment was 99.2% (4.7%). IMPLICATIONS: The frequency of cardiovascular events in patients treated with PCSK9is was low and occurred despite adequate adherence to treatment (100% possession ratio) with PCSK9is and concomitant treatment with other hypolipidemics. The effectiveness of PCSK9is is similar to that referred to in other published studies with PCSK9is, and this was maintained in the long term (24 months) with few adverse events, all of which were mild.

Metodología Lean: diseño y evaluación de un modelo estandarizado de almacenaje de medicación / LEAN methodology: design and assessment of a standardized medication storage model

OBJETIVO: El objetivo del estudio es evaluar los resultados de la aplica-ción de la metodología Lean en el diseño de un modelo estandarizado de almacenaje de medicación en las unidades de hospitalización. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo desarrollado entre septiembre de 2017 y enero de 2019 en un hospital de tercer nivel. Se creó un equipo multidisciplinar liderado por el Servicio de Farmacia. Se empleó la metodología Lean para establecer los elementos y criterios de organización e identificación que conformaron el modelo estandarizado de almacenaje de medicación. Se revisaron y cuantificaron los stocks de cada unidad de hospitalización, se consensuó la medicación con la supervisora de cada unidad y se estimó el impacto económico de la implantación del modelo estandarizado. Se diseñó y envió una encuesta para evaluar la satisfacción de enfermería con el nuevo modelo. RESULTADOS: El modelo estandarizado de almacenaje se aplicó en 20 unidades de enfermería y supuso una reducción global del 56,72% en el número de presentaciones de principios activos disponibles (5.688 versus2.462). Se disminuyó el número de presentaciones de principios activos de medicamentos de alto riesgo en un 40,73% (631 versus 374). La eliminación de este despilfarro supuso un ahorro económico de 25.357,98 (Euro). Se recibieron 58 respuestas a la encuesta de satisfacción del personal de enfermería (20,70% del total de encuestas enviadas), de las que un 22,40% correspondieron al turno fijo y 77,60% al turno rotativo. La media de la satisfacción global (valorada entre 1 y 10) fue de 5,79 ± 3,61. CONCLUSIONES: La aplicación de la metodología Lean es útil para la gestión de stocks de medicación de las unidades de hospitalización. La implantación del modelo estandarizado de almacenaje conlleva un ahorro económico y una reducción del número de presentaciones de principios activos y de medicamentos de alto riesgo. El personal de enfermería está conforme con la implantación del modelo, lo que nos plantea seguir en esta línea de mejora

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the results of applying Lean Methodology in the design of a standardized medication storage model in hospitalization departments. METHOD: Descriptive and retrospective study conducted between September 2017 and January 2019 in a tertiary level hospital. The Pharmacy Service led the creation of a multidisciplinary team. Lean Methodology was used to establish the components and organization and identification criteria that made up the standardized medication storage model. The stocks of each hospitalization department were reviewed and quantified, the final amount of stock needed was agreed with the supervisor of each department, and the economic impact of the implementation of the standardized medication model was assessed. A questionnaire was designed and sent to nursing staff to determine their level of satisfaction with the new model. RESULTS: The standardized medication storage model was scaled up to 20 nursing departments, leading to an overall reduction of 56.72% in the number of pharmaceutical dosage forms available (5,688 vs 2,462). The number of high-risk drugs was reduced by 40.73% (631 vs 374). This elimination of wastage achieved a saving of (Euro)25,357.98. A total of 58 nurses returned the questionnaires (20.70% of the total): 22.40% worked a fixed shift and 77.60% worked a rotating shift. The mean score on overall satisfaction was 5.79 ± 3.61 (scores ranged from 1 to 10). CONCLUSIONS: The application of Lean Methodology is very useful for the management of medication stocks in hospitalization departments. The implementation of a standardized medication storage model leads to economic savings and a marked reduction in the number of active ingredients and high-risk medications. The nursing staff were satisfied with the implementation of the model, suggesting that we should continue to pursue this effective line of action

Direct costs in patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies on biological therapy: a real-world data study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the direct costs for the Spanish Health System of patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies treated with biological therapies in daily clinical practice and to establish possible factors associated with lower costs. METHODS: A descriptive, observational and retrospective study was conducted. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis who started a biological therapy between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2016 were included. Variables related to socioeconomic status, disease and biological therapy were included. The annual cost of biological treatment and other direct medical costs were calculated for each disease. The analysis of costs was based on the National Health Service perspective. The time horizon comprised the 8-year long study period. RESULTS: A total of 422 biological therapy lines were analysed. The annual biological therapy cost per patient was €12,494±3,865 for rheumatoid arthritis, €11,248±2,763 for ankylosing spondylitis and €12,263±35,155 for psoriatic arthritis (p=0.008). The cost of biological therapies entailed about 80% of the total cost of these diseases. Hospital admission was a factor which contributed to an increasing cost in all these conditions. A longer duration of the biological therapy was associated with lower cost in all the diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of ankylosing spondylitis is lower than that of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. The biological therapy is the factor with the highest impact on the overall cost of these diseases. Preventing hospital admissions and a higher persistence to the biological therapy can contribute to lower costs for the system.

Medication persistence on biological therapies prescribed for the treatment of chronic inflammatory arthropathies: a real-world data study.

OBJECTIVES: Medication persistence, defined as the duration of time from its initiation to its discontinuation, is a surrogate for treatment effectiveness. The aim of the study was to evaluate persistence and causes of biological therapy (BT) suspension in patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies: rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. METHODS: Single institution, descriptive, retrospective cohort study. Adult patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies on BT between January 2009 and December 2016 were included. Persistence to BT was compared considering the type of pathology and treatment. The Kaplan-Meier test was used to analyse medication persistanence and factors associated with it. An analysis of reasons for therapy discontinuation was performed. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-two patients were included in the study, which comprised 478 BT lines. For all patients, the 12-month persistence rate was 71.3% (341 out of 478). At the end of the study, 45.2% of the patients continued on their initial BT. Median treatment persistence was 1489 days (CI 95% 1195 to 1783). Longer BT persistence was associated with naïve BT patients: 1945 days (95% CI 1523 to 2367; P<0.001) and ankylosing spondylitis diagnosis: 2402 days (95% CI 1604 to 3200; P=0.014). The most frequent causes of treatment discontinuation were therapeutic failure (47.6%) and adverse drug events (28.2%). CONCLUSIONS: We found good long-term persistence in patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies treated with BT. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had significantly shorter persistence compared with those with ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Naïve BT was associated with longer persistence. Therapeutic failure was the main cause of BT withdrawal.

Real-world prevalence and consequences of potential drug-drug interactions in the first-wave COVID-19 treatments.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Initial treatment recommendations of COVID-19 were based on the use of antimicrobial drugs and immunomodulators. Although information on drug interactions was available for other pathologies, there was little evidence in the treatment of COVID-19. The objective of this study was to analyse the potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) derived from the medication used in COVID-19 patients in the first pandemic wave and to evaluate the real consequences of such interactions in clinical practice. METHODS: Cohort, retrospective and single-centre study carried out in a third-level hospital. Adult patients, admitted with suspected COVID-19, that received at least one dose of hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, interferon beta 1-b or tocilizumab and with any pDDIs according to "Liverpool Drug Interaction Group" between March and May 2020 were included. The possible consequences of pDDIs at the QTc interval level or any other adverse event according to the patient's medical record were analysed. A descriptive analysis was carried out to assess possible factors that may affect the QTc interval prolongation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Two hundred and eighteen (62.3%) patients of a total of 350 patients admitted with COVID-19 had at least one pDDI. There were 598 pDDIs. Thirty-eight pDDIs (6.3%) were categorized as not recommended or contraindicated. The mean value difference between baseline and pDDI posterior ECG was 412.3 ms ± 25.8 ms vs. 426.3 ms ± 26.7 ms; p < 0.001. Seven patients (5.7%) had a clinically significant alteration of QTc. A total of 44 non-cardiological events (7.3%) with a possible connection to a pDDI were detected. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: The number of pDDIs in patients admitted for COVID-19 in the first pandemic wave was remarkably high. However, clinical consequences occurred in a low percentage of patients. Interactions involving medications that would be contraindicated for concomitant administration are rare. Knowledge of these pDDIs and their consequences could help to establish appropriate therapeutic strategies in patients with COVID-19 or other diseases with these treatments.

Biological therapy safety in chronic inflammatory arthropathy patients.

OBJECTIVE: The marketing of biological therapies transformed the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. But there is still concern about patient safety and management in daily clinical practice. The aim of this study was to estimate risk factors of the adverse effects in a cohort of Spanish patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. METHODS: A single institution, descriptive, retrospective, cohort study was developed from January 2009 to December 2016. Patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis on biological therapies were included. Undesirable events affecting patients during biological therapy, their clinical implications and the use of health resources related to adverse effects were collected. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-two patients corresponding to 478 biological therapy lines were analysed. It implied 1192 years of monitoring. There were 57 adverse effects per 100 biological patient-years and 4.8 serious adverse effects per 100 biological patient-years. The only significant factor for a likely serious adverse effect was having a Charlson Index ≥10, OR of 6.2 (CI 95%: 3.4-11.1, p<0.001). Around 15 % of patients with adverse effects were admitted to hospital and 25% received attention at the Emergency Department. CONCLUSION: Over half of the patients with arthropathies on biological therapy can suffer adverse effect during treatment but only 8.5% of these effects are serious. Special vigilance must be paid to patients with a higher number of comorbidities because they are more likely to experience serious adverse effects.

Standardization Consensus of a Hospital Drug Database: An Efficient Tool.

BACKGROUND: Although the electronic prescribing software is the same for all hospitals of a regional health service, each has its own drug database, which it is responsible for maintaining. The aim of this study was to develop a consensus to standardize the hospital drug database of the electronic prescribing software, and to apply this tool to the electronic prescribing system of an oncology outpatient clinic of a Spanish tertiary-level hospital. Additionally, we sought to analyze the impact of the implemented actions on the health care services provided. METHODS: This was a prospective study carried out over a period of 15 months by a group of pharmacists representing all Organizational Integrated Management Systems of a regional health service, and coordinated by the General Subdirectorate of Pharmaceuticals. RESULTS: A total of 500 drugs and 500 active pharmaceutical ingredients included in the hospital drug database were standardized to implement the electronic prescribing system in the oncology outpatient clinic. The implementation of such standardization process yielded a 70% decrease in medication errors. In the satisfaction survey concerning the usefulness of the tall-man letters implemented in the electronic prescribing system, the interviewed doctors reported the highest levels of satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The creation of consensus documents to standardize the hospital drug database served to unify the information available in the regional hospital pharmacy services of an autonomous community. In addition, the implementation of the electronic prescribing system in the oncology outpatient clinic of a tertiary-level hospital resulted in a decrease in the number of medication errors.

Biological therapy safety in chronic inflammatory arthropathy patients.

OBJECTIVE: The marketing of biological therapies transformed the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. But there is still concern about patient safety and management in daily clinical practice. The aim of this study was to estimate risk factors of the adverse effects in a cohort of Spanish patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. METHODS: A single institution, descriptive, retrospective, cohort study was developed from January 2009 to December 2016. Patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis on biological therapies were included. Undesirable events affecting patients during biological therapy, their clinical implications and the use of health resources related to adverse effects were collected. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-two patients corresponding to 478 biological therapy lines were analysed. It implied 1192 years of monitoring. There were 57 adverse effects per 100 biological patient- years and 4.8 serious adverse effects per 100 biological patient-years. The only significant factor for a likely serious adverse effect was having a Charlson Index ≥10, OR of 6.2 (CI 95%: 3.4-11.1, p<0.001). Around 15 % of patients with adverse effects were admitted to hospital and 25% received attention at the Emergency Department. CONCLUSION: Over half of the patients with arthropathies on biological therapy can suffer adverse effect during treatment but only 8.5% of these effects are serious. Special vigilance must be paid to patients with a higher number of comorbidities because they are more likely to experience serious adverse effects.

LEAN methodology: design and assessment of a standardized medication storage model.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the results of applying  Lean Methodology in the design of a standardized medication storage model in  hospitalization departments. METHOD: Descriptive and retrospective study conducted between September 2017 and January 2019 in a tertiary level hospital. The Pharmacy Service led the creation of a multidisciplinary team. Lean Methodology was used to establish the components and organization and  identification criteria that made up the standardized medication storage model.  The stocks of each hospitalization department were reviewed and quantified, the final amount of stock needed was agreed with the supervisor of each department, and the economic impact of the implementation of the  standardized medication model was assessed. A questionnaire was designed and sent to nursing staff to determine their level of satisfaction with the new model. RESULTS: The standardized medication storage model was scaled up to 20  nursing departments, leading to an overall reduction of 56.72% in the number of pharmaceutical dosage forms available (5,688 vs 2,462). The number of high-risk drugs was reduced by 40.73% (631 vs 374). This elimination of wastage  achieved a saving of €25,357.98. A total of 58 nurses returned the  questionnaires (20.70% of the total): 22.40% worked a fixed shift and 77.60%  worked a rotating shift. The mean score on overall satisfaction was 5.79 ± 3.61  (scores ranged from 1 to 10). CONCLUSIONS: The application of Lean Methodology is very useful for the  management of medication stocks in hospitalization departments. The implementation of a standardized medication storage model leads to  economic savings and a marked reduction in the number of active ingredients and high-risk medications. The nursing staff were satisfied with the  implementation of the model, suggesting that we should continue to pursue this effective line of action.

Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es evaluar los resultados de la aplicación de la  metodología Lean en el diseño de un modelo estandarizado de almacenaje de  medicación en las unidades de hospitalización. Método: Estudio descriptivo y  retrospectivo desarrollado entre septiembre de  2017 y enero de 2019 en un  hospital de tercer nivel. Se creó un  equipo multidisciplinar liderado por el  Servicio de Farmacia. Se empleó la  metodología Lean para establecer los  elementos y criterios de organización e identificación que conformaron el modelo estandarizado de almacenaje de  medicación. Se revisaron y cuantificaron los stocks de cada unidad de hospitalización, se consensuó la medicación con la supervisora de cada unidad y se estimó el impacto económico de la implantación del modelo estandarizado. Se diseñó y envió una encuesta para evaluar la  satisfacción de enfermería con el nuevo modelo.Resultados: El modelo estandarizado de almacenaje se aplicó en 20 unidades de enfermería y supuso una reducción global del 56,72% en el número  de presentaciones de principios activos disponibles (5.688 versus 2.462). Se disminuyó el número de presentaciones de principios activos  de medicamentos de alto riesgo en un 40,73% (631 versus 374). La eliminación de este despilfarro supuso un ahorro económico de 25.357,98 €. Se recibieron 58 respuestas a la encuesta de satisfacción del personal de enfermería (20,70%  del total de encuestas enviadas), de las que un 22,40% correspondieron al turno fijo y 77,60% al turno rotativo. La media de la satisfacción global (valorada  entre 1 y 10) fue de 5,79 ± 3,61.Conclusiones: La aplicación de la metodología Lean es útil para la gestión de  stocks de medicación de las unidades de hospitalización. La implantación del  modelo estandarizado de almacenaje conlleva un ahorro económico y una  reducción del número de presentaciones de principios activos y de  medicamentos de alto riesgo. El personal de enfermería está conforme con la  implantación del modelo, lo que nos plantea seguir en esta línea de mejora.

Content analysis of Twitter in relation to biological treatments for chronic inflammatory arthropathies: an exploratory study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the volume and content of tweets in relation to biological treatments for chronic inflammatory arthropathies. METHODS: A Twitter analysis was carried out during one month using the following keywords: 'rheumatoid arthritis', 'ankylosing spondylitis', 'psoriatic arthritis' and their biological therapies: 'abatacept', 'adalimumab', 'certolizumab', 'etanercept', 'golimumab', 'infliximab' and 'tocilizumab'. Tweets were hand-coded and filtered for content. RESULTS: 25 441 tweets contained at least one of the keywords. After filtering, 2480 tweets were included in the analysis. Regarding the 983 tweets about therapies, the most frequently mentioned biologics were 'adalimumab' (n=359), 'infliximab' (n= 278) and 'etanercept' (n= 205). In the 1497 tweets about diseases, the term 'rheumatoid arthritis' (n= 1109) was used more frequently than 'psoriatic arthritis' (n= 233) and 'ankylosing spondylitis' (n= 155). The most commonly addressed subjects in the tweets in relation to biological therapies were related to safety/adverse events (136 of 983 (13.8%)) and to administration, particularly drug infusion (60 of 983 (6.1%)) and self-administration (57 of 983 (5.8%)). Regarding diseases, the most commonly addressed subjects were non-pharmacological recommendations such as alternative therapies (145 of 1497 (9.7%)), nutrition (128 of 1497 (8.5%)) and exercise (91 of 1497 (6.1%)). CONCLUSIONS: Twitter is widely used to search for information about biological treatments for chronic athropathies. Learning more about the subjects dealt with in the tweets will enable us to improve our understanding of the areas of greater interest and concern among patients. This could help hospital pharmacists establish patient-focused strategies addressing the needs of the patients.

Adherencia a las terapias biológicas en pacientes con artropatías inflamatorias crónicas / Adherence to biological therapies in patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies

Objetivo: Los objetivos del estudio fueron cuantificar la adherencia, determinar los factores predictivos y conocer las consecuencias de una menor adherencia, en la práctica clínica diaria, en pacientes con artropatías inflamatorias crónicas tratados con terapias biológicas. Método: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con artritis reumatoide, espondilitis anquilosante y artritis psoriásica que iniciaron una terapia biológica entre el 1 de enero de 2009 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, relacionadas con la enfermedad, sobre las terapias biológicas y los recursos hospitalarios. La adherencia se calculó mediante la ratio media de posesión. Resultados: Se incluyeron 362 pacientes y 423 líneas de terapia biológica. La media de edad ± desviación estándar fue de 50,3 ± 13,9 años; 228 (53,9%) fueron mujeres. El porcentaje de adherentes fue de 187 de 216 (87%) en artritis reumatoide, 91 de 107 (85%) en espondilitis anquilosante y 84 de 100 (84%) en artritis psoriásica. La adherencia se relacionó con acudir con más frecuencia a la consulta del servicio de farmacia (odds ratio de 1,2; intervalo de confianza 95%: 1,1-1,3 [p < 0,001]) e inversamente con no acudir a las consultas de reumatología en la fecha prevista (odds ratio de 0,2; intervalo de confianza 95%: 0,1-0,9 [p = 0,030]) No hubo diferencias en el número de recursos hospitalarios utilizados por pacientes adherentes y no adherentes. Conclusiones: La adherencia a las terapias biológicas entre las artropatías inflamatorias crónicas es similar. Dicha adherencia se correlaciona con la frecuentación a consultas externas, pero no implica un aumento del consumo de recursos

Introduction: The aims of the study were to quantify adherence, determine the factors that can predict adherence and identify the consequences of poorer adherence in patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies treated with biological therapies in daily clinical practice. Method: A descriptive, observational and retrospective study was carried out. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis who started a biologic therapy between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2016 were included. Variables related to socioeconomic status, the disease, the biological therapy and hospital resources were included. Adherence was calculated by using the medication possession ratio. Results: Three hundred and sixty-two patients and 423 lines of biological therapy were included. Mean age ± standard deviation was 50.3 ± 13.9 years, and 228 (53.9%) were women. The percentage of adherent patients was 187 out of 216 (87%) in rheumatoid arthritis, 91 out of 107 (85%) in ankylosing spondylitis and 84 out of 100 (84%) in psoriatic arthritis. Greater adherence was associated with more frequent visits to the pharmacy service (odds ratio 1.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.1-1.3 [p < 0.001]) and poorer adherence with a failure to attend scheduled appointments at the rheumatology clinic (odds ratio 0.2, 95% confidence interval: 0.1-0.9 [p = 0.030]). There were no differences between adherent and non-adherent patients in terms of the number of hospital resources used. Conclusions: There are no differences in adherence to biological therapies among patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies. Adherence correlates with attendance at outpatient appointments, but this does not imply an increase in the use of hospital resources

Adherence to biological therapies in patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies.

INTRODUCTION: The aims of the study were to quantify adherence, determine the factors that can  predict adherence and identify the consequences of poorer adherence in patients with chronic  inflammatory arthropathies treated with biological therapies in daily clinical practice. METHOD: A descriptive, observational and retrospective study was carried out. Patients with  rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis who started a biologic therapy  between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2016 were included. Variables related to socioeconomic  status, the disease, the biological therapy and hospital resources were included. Adherence was  calculated by using the medication possession ratio. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-two patients and 423 lines of biological therapy were included.  Mean age ± standard deviation was 50.3 ± 13.9 years, and 228 (53.9%) were women. The  percentage of adherent patients was 187 out of 216 (87%) in rheumatoid arthritis, 91 out of 107  (85%) in ankylosing spondylitis and 84 out of 100 (84%) in psoriatic arthritis. Greater adherence was  associated with more frequent visits to the pharmacy service (odds ratio 1.2, 95% confidence  interval: 1.1-1.3 [p = 0.001]) and poorer adherence with a failure to attend scheduled appointments  at the rheumatology clinic (odds ratio 0.2, 95% confidence interval: 0.1-0.9 [p = 0.030]). There were  no differences between  adherent and non-adherent patients in terms of the number of hospital resources used. CONCLUSIONS: There are no differences in adherence to biological therapies among patients with  chronic inflammatory arthropathies. Adherence correlates with attendance at outpatient  appointments, but this does not imply an increase in the use of hospital resources.

Objetivo: Los objetivos del estudio fueron cuantificar la adherencia, determinar los factores  predictivos y conocer las consecuencias de una menor adherencia, en la práctica clínica diaria, en  pacientes con artropatías inflamatorias crónicas tratados con terapias biológicas. Método: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con artritis  reumatoide, espondilitis anquilosante y artritis psoriásica que iniciaron una terapia biológica entre el 1  de enero de 2009 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, relacionadas con la enfermedad, sobre las terapias biológicas y los recursos  hospitalarios. La adherencia se calculó mediante la ratio media de posesión.Resultados: Se incluyeron 362 pacientes y 423 líneas de terapia biológica. La media de edad ±  desviación estándar fue de 50,3 ± 13,9 años; 228 (53,9%) fueron mujeres. El porcentaje de  adherentes fue de 187 de 216 (87%) en artritis reumatoide, 91 de 107 (85%) en espondilitis  anquilosante y 84 de 100 (84%) en artritis psoriásica. La adherencia se relacionó con acudir con más  frecuencia a la consulta del servicio de farmacia(odds ratio de 1,2; intervalo de confianza 95%: 1,1- 1,3 [p = 0,001]) e inversamente con no acudir a las consultas de reumatología en la fecha prevista (odds ratio de 0,2; intervalo de confianza 95%: 0,1-0,9 [p = 0,030]). No hubo diferencias en  el número de recursos hospitalarios utilizados por pacientes adherentes y no adherentes.Conclusiones: La adherencia a las terapias biológicas entre las artropatías inflamatorias crónicas es  similar. Dicha adherencia se correlaciona con la frecuentación a consultas externas, pero no implica  un aumento del consumo de recursos.

Experiencia con colistina nebulizada en pacientes con bronquiectasias no fibrosis quística colonizadas por Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Experience with nebulised colistin in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis colonised with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

INTRODUCCIÓN: La colonización/infección crónica por Pseudomonas aeruginosa de las bronquiectasias se relaciona con daño anatómico, deterioro más rápido de la función pulmonar, aumento del número de exacerbaciones y mayor morbi-mortalidad. La colistina nebulizada disminuye la carga bacteriana, esperándose una reducción en número y gravedad de las exacerbaciones y retraso del deterioro pulmonar. El objetivo principal fue valorar si el tratamiento con colistina nebulizada, durante al menos 6 meses, reduce el número de ingresos y visitas a urgencias. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y no intervencionista llevado a cabo en una estructura organizativa de gestión integrada. Se seleccionaron pacientes con bronquiectasias no fibrosis quística, mayores de 18 años, colonizados / infectados por P. aeruginosa que recibieron al menos 6 meses colistina nebulizada. De la historia clínica informatizada (IANUS(R) V.04.20.0503) y de la receta electrónica del SERGAS, se recogieron datos clínicos, microbiológicos y de tratamiento de los pacientes, que fueron divididos en dos periodos de tiempo: 1) 6 meses pretratamiento y durante el tratamiento y 2) 12 meses pretratamiento y durante el tratamiento, en aquellos pacientes que completaron 1 año de tratamiento. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 44 pacientes y de ellos, 29 (65,9%) tuvieron un seguimiento de 12 meses. El uso de colistina nebulizada disminuyó de forma significativa el número de visitas a urgencias (a los 6 meses), la frecuencia y duración de las hospitalizaciones (a los 6 y 12 meses), el consumo de antibióticos (a los 6 y 12 meses) y los cultivos positivos para P. aeruginosa. El tratamiento fue bien tolerado en casi todos los pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento con colistina nebulizada durante 6 y 12 meses de bronquiectasias no fibrosis quística, colonizadas / infectadas por P. aeruginosa, parece beneficioso para el paciente desde el punto de vista clínico y de calidad de vida y podría reducir el coste económico del proceso

INTRODUCTION: Chronic colonisation/infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa of the bronchiectasis is related to a faster deterioration of lung function, an increase in the number of exacerbations and a higher morbidity and mortality. Nebulised colistin decreases bacteria load. Therefore, a reduction in the number and in the severity of exacerbations and a delay of pulmonary decline is expected. The main objective is to evaluate if the treatment with nebulised colistin, for at least 6 months reduces the number of admissions and visits to the emergency department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, retrospective and non-interventionist study carried out in an organizational structure with an integrated management. Patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis colonised / infected by P. aeruginosa, older than 18 years, were selected. Patients must have received nebulized colistin during at least 6 months. Clinical, microbiological and therapeutic data from the patients were collected from the SERGAS computerized clinical history (IANUS(R) V.4.20.0503) and the electronic prescription, which were divided into two time periods: 1) 6 months pre-treatment and during the treatment and 2) 12 months pre-treatment and during the treatment, in those who completed 1 year of treatment. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were included and of these, 29 (65.9%) had a follow-up of 12 months. The use of nebulized colistin decreased significantly the number of visits to the emergency (at 6 months), the frequency and duration of hospitalizations admissions (at 6 and 12 months), the antibiotic consumption (at 6 and 12 months) and the positive cultures. The treatment was well tolerated in almost all patients. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment with nebulised colistin during 6 and 12 months of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, colonised/infected by P. aeruginosa, seems beneficial for the patient, from the clinical and quality of life point of view, and could reduce the economic cost of the process

Devising of a risk map on the management of high risk alert medication in a high level university hospital / Elaboracion de un mapa de riesgos sobre el manejo de medicamentos de alto riesgo en un hospital universitario de elevada complejidad

Objective: To classify hospital units into three risk levels in order to define and prioritise improvement and training measures in each of them. Method: The risk map was developed in two phases: first phase involved the setting up of a multidisciplinary team, a bibliographic search, the identification of medications and of the criteria to design the map: (1) Location: number of high-alert medications; (2) Staff turnover: the units were classified in low turnover units = 1, medium turnover units = 2 and high turnover units = 3 according to data provided by the human resource department; (3) Frequency: quotient between the number of high alert medicactions in each unit and the total of medications used, and (4) Severity: voluntary survey of professionals. An accumulated risk of severity of each unit was calculated: ∑ (severity of the drug x number of its units). The Neperian logarithm was applied to this value to reduce the variability of the values. Thus a risk probability index was established = staff turnover x frecuency x Neperian logarithm of severity. In a second phase, the units were classified into three groups and the risk map of high-alert medication was elaborated in the hospital. In it, the units that had a risk probability index higher than 2.9 were classified as high risk units, those that had between 1-2.9 as intermediate risk units and those that had less than 1 as low risk units. According to the risk probability index, improvement measures were defined and priorities were set for each of them. Results: A total 447 high-risk medications corresponding to 227 active ingredients were identified during the study period. The units showing a higher risk were: Intensive Care Medicine (10.51), Reanimation (4.01), and Palliative Care (3.90). Improvement actions (informative poster, visual identification, alerts, training and double checks) were defined and prioritised in accordance with the risk probability index. Conclusions: Knowing the degree of risk of hospitalization units in the management of high-alert medications allows for the implementation of improvement plans in relation to the degree of vulnerability detected

Objetivo: Estratificar las unidades del hospital en tres niveles y elaborar un mapa de riesgos para priorizar las mejoras y la formación sobre el manejo de medicamentos de alto riesgo. Método: La elaboración del mapa se realizó en dos fases: Primera fase, implicó la creación de un equipo multidisciplinar, búsqueda bibliográfica, identificación de medicamentos y de criterios para elaborar el mapa: (1) Localización: número de medicamentos de alto riego; (2) Rotación del personal: se clasificaron las unidades en rotación baja = 1, media = 2 y alta = 3, según datos de recursos humanos; (3) Frecuencia: cociente entre el número de medicamentos de alto riesgo en cada unidad y el total de medicamentos utilizados, y (4) Gravedad: encuesta voluntaria a profesionales. Se calculó un riesgo acumulado de gravedad de cada unidad: ∑ (gravedad del medicamento x número de unidades del medicamento). Sobre este valor se aplicó el logaritmo neperiano para reducir la variabilidad de los valores. Con ello se estableció el índice de probabilidad de riesgo = rotación del personal x frecuencia x logaritmo neperiano del riesgo acumulado de gravedad. En una segunda fase, a partir de la ponderación de resultados, se clasificaron las unidades en tres grupos y se construyó el mapa de riesgo de medicamentos de alto riesgo en el hospital. En este se representaron las unidades que tuvieron un índice de probabilidad de riesgo mayor de 2,9 como unidades de alto riesgo, las que lo tuvieron entre 1-2,9 como unidades de riesgo intermedio y las que lo tuvieron menor a 1 como unidades de riesgo bajo. Y según el índice de probabilidad de riesgo en la unidad, se definieron y priorizaron las medidas de mejora para cada una de ellas. Resultados: Se identificaron 447 medicamentos de alto riesgo en el hospital, correspondientes a 227 principios activos. Las unidades de mayor riesgo fueron: Medicina Intensiva (10,51), Reanimación (4,01) y Paliativos (3,90). Se definieron las acciones de mejora por índice de probabilidad de riesgo: póster informativo, identificación visual, alertas, formación y doble chequeo. Conclusiones: Conocer el grado de riesgo de las unidades de hospitalización en el manejo de medicamentos de alto riesgo permite aplicar planes de mejora dirigidos en función de la mayor o menor vulnerabilidad detectada

Devising of a risk map on the management of high risk alert medication in a high level university hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To classify hospital units into three risk levels in order to define and prioritise  improvement and training measures in each of them. METHOD: The risk map was developed in two phases: First phase involved the setting up of a  multidisciplinary team, a bibliographic search, the identification of medications and of the criteria to  design the map: (1) Location: number of high-alert medications; (2) Staff turnover: the units were  classified in low turnover units = 1, medium turnover units = 2 and high turnover units = 3 according  to data provided by the human resource department; (3) Frequency: quotient between the number of high alert medicactions in each unit and the total of medications used, and (4) Severity: voluntary  survey of professionals. An accumulated risk of severity of each unit was calculated: Σ (severity of the  drug x number of its units). The Neperian logarithm was applied to this value to reduce the  variability of the values. Thus a risk probability index was established = staff turnover x frecuency x  Neperian logarithm of severity. In a  second phase, the units were classified into three groups and the  risk map of high-alert medication was elaborated in the hospital. In it, the units that had a risk  probability index higher than 2.9 were classified as high risk units, those that had between 1-2.9 as  intermediate risk units and those that had less than 1 as low risk units. According to the risk probability index, improvement measures were defined and priorities were set for each of them. RESULTS: A total 447 high-risk medications corresponding to 227 active ingredients were identified  during the study period. The units showing a higher risk were: Intensive Care Medicine (10.51),  Reanimation (4.01), and Palliative Care (3.90). Improvement actions (informative poster, visual  identification, alerts, training and double checks) were defined and prioritised in accordance with the  risk probability index. CONCLUSIONS: Knowing the degree of risk of hospitalization units in the management of high-alert  medications allows for the implementation of improvement plans in relation to the degree of  vulnerability detected.

Objetivo: Estratificar las unidades del hospital en tres niveles y elaborar un mapa de riesgos para  priorizar las mejoras y la formación sobre el manejo de medicamentos de alto riesgo. Método: La elaboración del mapa se realizó en dos fases: Primera fase, implicó la creación de un  equipo multidisciplinar, búsqueda bibliográfica, identificación de medicamentos y de criterios para  elaborar el mapa: (1) Localización: número de medicamentos de alto riego; (2) Rotación del personal:  se clasificaron las unidades en rotación baja = 1, media = 2 y alta = 3, según datos de recursos humanos; (3) Frecuencia: cociente entre el número de medicamentos de alto riesgo en  cada unidad y el total de medicamentos utilizados, y (4) Gravedad: encuesta voluntaria a  profesionales. Se calculó un riesgo acumulado de gravedad de cada unidad: Σ (gravedad del  medicamento x número de unidades del medicamento). Sobre este valor se aplicó el logaritmo  neperiano para reducir la variabilidad de los valores. Con ello se estableció el índice de probabilidad  de riesgo = rotación del personal x frecuencia x logaritmo neperiano del riesgo acumulado de  gravedad. En una segunda fase, a partir  de la ponderación de resultados, se clasificaron las unidades  en tres grupos y se construyó el mapa de riesgo de medicamentos de alto riesgo en el  hospital. En este se representaron las unidades que tuvieron un índice de probabilidad de riesgo  mayor de 2,9 como unidades de alto riesgo, las que lo tuvieron entre 1-2,9 como unidades de riesgo  intermedio y las que lo tuvieron menor a 1 como unidades de riesgo bajo. Y según el índice de  probabilidad de riesgo en la unidad, se definieron y priorizaron las medidas de mejora para cada una  de ellas.Resultados: Se identificaron 447 medicamentos de alto riesgo en el hospital, correspondientes a 227  principios activos. Las unidades de mayor riesgo fueron: Medicina Intensiva (10,51),  Reanimación (4,01) y Paliativos (3,90). Se definieron las acciones de mejora por índice de probabilidad de riesgo: póster informativo, identificación visual, alertas, formación y doble  chequeo.Conclusiones: Conocer el grado de riesgo de las unidades de hospitalización en el manejo de  medicamentos de alto riesgo permite aplicar planes de mejora dirigidos en función de la mayor o  menor vulnerabilidad detectada.

Modelo de teleconsulta farmacéutica integrada en la historia clínica electrónica del paciente / Model of teleconsultation pharmaceutical integrated in the electronic clinical history of the patient

Objetivo: Describir las etapas de implantación, escalado e integración de un modelo de teleconsulta de Farmacia en la historia electrónica, para coordinar la transición asistencial de los pacientes. Método: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo en un área sanitaria de 500.000 habitantes (3 años). En la primera fase se creó un grupo de trabajo, se diseñó una plataforma de comunicación y se pilotó un programa de continuidad entre un farmacéutico de hospital y los 13 de atención primaria. El objetivo fue resolver problemas con medicamentos (especialmente los de homologación sanitaria) en pacientes polimedicados hospitalizados en la Unidad de Corta Estancia-Urgencias. En una segunda fase, el programa incluyó a todos los pacientes de cualquier unidad y a todos los farmacéuticos del hospital. En la tercera fase, se escaló el programa al formato de teleconsulta dentro de los sistemas de información corporativos del Servicio de Salud. Se registraron variables descriptivas cuantitativas (número, motivos y resolución de las teleconsultas). Resultados: En total, se registraron más de 470 consultas (118 en la primera fase, 158 en la segunda y 194 en la tercera), que fueron resueltas en el 90% de los casos. Los principales motivos fueron problemas con medicamentos de homologación, con medicamentos prescritos en la transición asistencial y con nutrición artificial domiciliaria. Conclusiones: La teleconsulta permite coordinar la atención farmacéutica entre niveles de manera rápida y sencilla. Aumenta la visibilidad y el acceso de los profesionales, resolviendo los problemas sin desplazamientos ni demoras de tiempo para los pacientes

Objective: Describe the phases of implementation, scaling and integration of a pharmacy teleconsultation model in electronic history, to coordinate the care transition of patients. Method: Descriptive and retrospective study in a health area of 500,000 inhabitants (3 years). In the first phase, a working group was created, a communication platform was designed and a continuity program was piloted between a hospital pharmacist and the 13 primary care pharmacists. The objective was to solve problems related to medications (especially those of sanitary approval) in polymedicated patients hospitalized in the Short Stay Unit-Emergency. In a second phase, the program included all the patients in any unit and all the pharmacists in the hospital. In the third phase, the program was extended to the teleconsultation format within the corporate information systems of the Health Service. Quantitative descriptive variables were recorded (number, motives and resolution of the teleconsultations). Results: In total, more than 470 consultations were registered (118 in the first phase, 158 in the second and 194 in the third), which were resolved in 90% of the cases. The main reasons were discrepancies in type approval drugs, prescribed in the care transition and nutritional assessment. Conclusions: Teleconsultation allows the coordination of pharmaceutical care between levels, quickly and easily. Increase the visibility and access of professionals. Problems are resolved without displacements or time delays for patients

Model of teleconsultation pharmaceutical integrated in the electronic clinical history of the patient.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the phases of implementation, scaling and integration of a  pharmacy teleconsultation model in electronic history, to coordinate the care  transition of patients. METHOD: Descriptive and retrospective study in a health area of 500,000 inhabitants (3 years). In the first phase, a working group was created,  a communication platform was designed and a continuity program was piloted between a hospital pharmacist and the 13 primary care pharmacists. The objective was to solve problems related to medications (especially those of  sanitary approval) in polymedicated patients hospitalized in the Short Stay Unit- Emergency. In a second phase, the program included all the patients in any unit  and all the pharmacists in the hospital. In the third phase, the program was  extended to the teleconsultation format within the corporate information  systems of the Health Service. Quantitative descriptive variables were recorded (number, motives and resolution of the teleconsultations). RESULTS: In total, more than 470 consultations were registered (118 in the first  phase, 158 in the second and 194 in the third), which were resolved  in 90% of  the cases. The main reasons were discrepancies in type approval drugs,  prescribed in the care transition and nutritional assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Teleconsultation allows the coordination of pharmaceutical care  between levels, quickly and easily. Increase the visibility and access of  professionals. Problems are resolved without displacements or time delays for  patients.

Objetivo: Describir las etapas de implantación, escalado e integración de un  modelo de teleconsulta de Farmacia en la historia electrónica, para coordinar la  transición asistencial de los pacientes.Método: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo en un área sanitaria de 500.000  habitantes (3 años). En la primera fase se creó un grupo de trabajo, se diseñó  una plataforma de comunicación y se pilotó un programa de continuidad entre  un farmacéutico de hospital y los 13 de atención primaria. El objetivo fue  resolver problemas con medicamentos (especialmente los de homologación  sanitaria) en pacientes polimedicados hospitalizados en la Unidad de Corta  Estancia-Urgencias. En una segunda fase, el programa incluyó a todos los  pacientes de cualquier unidad y a todos los farmacéuticos del hospital. En la  tercera fase, se escaló el programa al formato de teleconsulta dentro de los  sistemas de información corporativos del Servicio de Salud. Se registraron  variables descriptivas cuantitativas (número, motivos y resolución de las teleconsultas).Resultados: En total, se registraron más de 470 consultas (118 en la primera  fase, 158 en la segunda y 194 en la tercera), que fueron resueltas en el 90% de  los casos. Los principales motivos fueron problemas  con medicamentos de  homologación, con medicamentos prescritos en la transición asistencial y con  nutrición artificial domiciliaria.Conclusiones: La teleconsulta permite coordinar la atención farmacéutica entre  niveles de manera rápida y sencilla. Aumenta la visibilidad y el acceso de los  profesionales, resolviendo los problemas sin desplazamientos ni demoras de  tiempo para los pacientes.